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VOCs: How to Protect Your Indoor Air Quality
With lockdowns, stay-at-home orders, canceled classes, and endless Zoom meetings defining much of this strange 2020, most of us have probably been spending an enormous amount of time at home. Even before the global pandemic began, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that the average American was spending around 90 percent of their time indoors. Many homeowners might have taken advantage of this extra time at home to incorporate some unique outdoor living areas connected to their home (if you need some inspiration, check out these great ideas from Rise). However, with winter just around the corner, many of us will most likely be closing up our pools, decks, and outdoor grilling areas for the year.
This year especially, protecting our indoor air quality should be high on the list of priorities. With the heightened risk of COVID-19, many people have decided to invest in the best air filters and air purifiers for their homes. These products can certainly protect your family from dust, pet dander, bacteria, and other airborne contaminants. However, VOCs are another hidden source of airborne pollutants that might be causing significant harm to your home's inhabitants.
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When strolling through your local hardware or home improvement store, the chances are that you see many products advertised as "no-VOC" or "low-VOC." With greenwashing practices, unfortunately, taking hold in the building and home improvement industry, are these claims just another shameless attempt to attract homeowners looking to improve the environmental-friendliness of their homes?
What Are VOCs?
VOC stands for "volatile organic compounds." The EPA defines VOCs this way: "volatile organic compounds (VOC) means any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions."
VOCs in home building products and materials are essentially different chemicals utilized to manufacture various building materials. These include products for the structural construction of houses, a wide variety of interior furnishings and fixtures, everyday household cleaning products, and personal care products.
The word "volatile" refers to these chemicals' ability to evaporate or "off-gas" into the air inside your home at average room temperatures. The word "organic" refers to the fact that these chemicals are carbon-based.
It is essential to state that volatile organic compounds do occur in nature and natural settings. For example, in healthy forest ecosystems, many plants rely on VOCs to communicate with other plants and send SOS messages when a threat is present. However, many products that release or off-gas VOCs into our homes are certainly not as benign as plant language in the forest.
Why Do We Care About VOCs in the Home?
Many of the most dangerous VOCs have an incredibly high vapor pressure. This term means that chemicals that have extremely low boiling points can release vast amounts of molecules that evaporate from the compound's liquid or solid form. This characteristic is known as high volatility. When a substance releases molecules into the air, these can remain airborne for differing periods. In indoor settings such as our homes, these molecules are breathed in by the home's occupants. Unfortunately, many VOCs are known to cause serious health problems.
Let's consider just two of the most common VOCs affecting indoor air quality.
What Is Formaldehyde?
Formaldehyde is commonly used in dozens of household products, including paints, resins, sealants, etc. Many companies rely on formaldehyde for several different purposes. For example, it contributes a permanent-press quality to clothing, curtains, and other textiles used in furniture. In addition, it is an essential component of glues and adhesives and helps to preserve paints and coating products.
Unfortunately, formaldehyde is exceptionally volatile. It has a boiling point of only –19 °C (–2 °F), meaning that it quickly evaporates from paints and other materials even in the coldest of homes. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)reports that virtually all households in the country have at least small amounts of detectable formaldehyde in their interior air quality. Though formaldehyde usually is present at low levels (less than 0.03 ppm or 30 ppb) in both inside and outside air, higher levels have been linked to a whole host of health issues.
The American Cancer Society reports that formaldehyde is shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Other studies have found that long-term exposure to formaldehyde can lead to nasopharynx cancer. Formaldehyde has been linked to several respiratory issues. It is known to cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. High levels of formaldehyde in the home can narrow the bronchi and even lead to asthma.
What Is Benzene?
Benzene is another extremely common VOC found in millions of homes' indoor air quality across the country. It is commonly used in glues, adhesives, cleaning products, paint strippers, and other standard household products. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) states that benzene is a definitive cause of cancer in humans. Long-term exposure has been shown to lead to leukemia and cancer of the blood-forming organs. In addition, because benzene is high in gasoline, homes with attached garages and improper ventilation might have higher benzene levels in their interior air.
Tobias Roberts
Tobias runs an agroecology farm and a natural building collective in the mountains of El Salvador. He specializes in earthen construction methods and uses permaculture design methods to integrate structures into the sustainability of the landscape.
